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1 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
2 бессемеровский конвертер
Русско-английский технический словарь > бессемеровский конвертер
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3 конвертер
converter метал., vessel* * *конве́ртер м.
( нормативный термин) converter; ( в свободном словоупотреблении) vesselзава́ливать [класть] конве́ртер в горизонта́льное положе́ние — tilt the converter to the horizontal positionменя́ть футеро́вку конве́ртера — reline the converterнаклоня́ть конве́ртер для вы́пуска проду́того мета́лла — tilt the converter for pouring the blown metalнаклоня́ть конве́ртер для приё́ма чугуна́ — tilt the converter for charging hot metalпереводи́ть конве́ртер в вертика́льное положе́ние — rack [right] the converter [vessel] to the vertical positionрабо́тать на сме́нных конве́ртерах — alternate the converters (in operation)футерова́ть конве́ртер — line the converterбессеме́ровский конве́ртер — acid Bessemer converterбессеме́ровский, ма́лый конве́ртер — side-blown (Bessemer) converterвраща́ющийся конве́ртер — rotary converterконве́ртер для проду́вки ме́дных ште́йнов — copper-matte converterконве́ртер для проду́вки ни́келевого ште́йна — nickel-matte converterкислоро́дный конве́ртер — oxygen steel-making converter, basic oxygen furnaceкислоро́дный конве́ртер Кал-До — Kaldo vesselмедеплави́льный конве́ртер — copper converterпарокислоро́дный конве́ртер — steam oxygen [VLN] converterконве́ртер с ве́рхним дутьё́м — top-blown converterконве́ртер с ди́насовой футеро́вкой — silica-lined vesselконве́ртер с ки́слой футеро́вкой — silica brick-lined converter, acid-lined vesselконве́ртер с ни́жним дутьё́м — bottom-blown converterконве́ртер с основно́й футеро́вкой — basic converterтома́совский конве́ртер — acid Bessemer converter* * * -
4 продувка в бессемеровском конвертере
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > продувка в бессемеровском конвертере
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5 konwertor besemerowski
• acid Bessemer converter• acid converter• Bessemer converterSłownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > konwertor besemerowski
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6 бессемеровский конвертер
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > бессемеровский конвертер
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7 кислый конвертер
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > кислый конвертер
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8 Bessemerkonverter
m < metall> ■ Bessemer converter; acid Bessemer converter; acid-lined converter; acid converter -
9 конвертер
м. converter; vessel -
10 кислородный конвертер
1. oxygen-blown vessel2. LD converterРусско-английский новый политехнический словарь > кислородный конвертер
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11 томасовский конвертер
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > томасовский конвертер
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12 бессемеровский конвертер
Engineering: Bessemer converter, acid Bessemer converterУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > бессемеровский конвертер
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13 производство стали в кислородных конвертерах
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > производство стали в кислородных конвертерах
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14 стационарный конвертер
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > стационарный конвертер
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15 конвертер бессемеровский
• конвертер m бессемеровскийenglish: acid Bessemer converterdeutsch: Bessemerkonverter mfrançais: convertisseur m BessemerРусско-английский (-немецко, -французский) металлургический словарь > конвертер бессемеровский
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16 томасовский конвертер
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > томасовский конвертер
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17 Bessemerstahl
m < metall> ■ Bessemer steel; acid converter steel; acid Bessemer steel; converter steel; acid steel -
18 Konverterstahl
m < metall> ■ Bessemer steel; acid converter steel; acid Bessemer steel; converter steel; acid steel -
19 бессемеровская сталь
1) Engineering: Bessemer steel, converter steel2) Construction: acid steel3) Railway term: beryllium steel4) Metallurgy: acid Bessemer steel, steel acid Bessemer steelУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > бессемеровская сталь
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20 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 16 April 1850 London, Englandd. 1 February 1885 Paris, France[br]English inventor of basic steelmaking.[br]Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.[br]BibliographyL.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRDBiographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
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См. также в других словарях:
acid Bessemer steel — Besemerio plienas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Besemerio konverteryje su rūgštine iškloja pagamintas plienas. atitikmenys: angl. acid Bessemer steel; Bessemer steel; converter steel rus. бессемеровская сталь … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Bessemer process — The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The process was… … Wikipedia
Bessemer process — Metall. a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron. [1855 60; after H. BESSEMER] * * * Technique for converting pig iron to steel invented by Henry Bessemer in England in 1856 and… … Universalium
converter steel — Besemerio plienas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Besemerio konverteryje su rūgštine iškloja pagamintas plienas. atitikmenys: angl. acid Bessemer steel; Bessemer steel; converter steel rus. бессемеровская сталь … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Bessemer steel — Besemerio plienas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Besemerio konverteryje su rūgštine iškloja pagamintas plienas. atitikmenys: angl. acid Bessemer steel; Bessemer steel; converter steel rus. бессемеровская сталь … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Acid process — Ac id proc ess (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to {basic process}. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
basic Bessemer process — Modification of the Bessemer process for converting pig iron into steel. The original Bessemer converter was not effective in removing the phosphorus from iron made from the high phosphorus ores common in Britain and Europe. The invention of the… … Universalium
steel — steellike, adj. /steel/, n. 1. any of various modified forms of iron, artificially produced, having a carbon content less than that of pig iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of hardness, elasticity, and strength varying … Universalium
metallurgy — metallurgic, metallurgical, adj. metallurgically, adv. metallurgist /met l err jist/ or, esp. Brit., /meuh tal euhr jist/, n. /met l err jee/ or, esp. Brit., /meuh tal euhr jee/, n. 1. the technique or science of working or heating metals so as… … Universalium
Converting (metallurgy) — Converting is a term used to describe a number of metallurgical smelting processes. The most commercially important use of the term is in the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel… … Wikipedia
Continuous casting — The macrostructure of continuously cast copper (99.95% pure), etched, ∅ ≈ 83 mm. Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a semifinished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling… … Wikipedia